U OF T PROFESSORS DEVISE BETTER WAY TO TEST SIGHT IN BABIES In A Darke Essay Example For Students

U OF T PROFESSORS DEVISE BETTER WAY TO TEST SIGHT IN BABIES In A Darke Essay U OF T PROFESSORS DEVISE BETTER WAY TO TEST SIGHT IN BABIES In an obscured room at Torontos Hospital forSickChildren, a child, its head dabbed with terminals, sits in itsmothers lap and watches blazing highly contrasting checkerboardsand stripes on a TV screen. Not long after the test, doctorswill know whether the kid can see and how well it can see. The testing method, which includes estimating cerebrum waveactivity incited by visual boosts (additionally called visual evokedpotentials or VEPs) has been culminated by Drs. Barry Skarf ofthe Department of Ophthalmology and Moshe Eizenman of U of TsInstituteTheir method is more exact than tests utilized elsewherebecause Eizenman has built up a novel,real-time computerprogram to extricate cerebrum wave reactions from amazingly smallpatterns (comparable in size to the primary concern of a standard eyetest) which produce considerably more solid results.Until now,doctors would need to extrapolate the babys capacity to seesmall upgrades from test results utilizing huge improvements. In Effect,Dr. We will compose a custom paper on U OF T PROFESSORS DEVISE BETTER WAY TO TEST SIGHT IN BABIES In A Darke explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Eizenman has built up a perspective on waves thatis more touchy than techniques already accessible, saysSkarf.At the HSC,VEPs are utilized in various clinicalapplications:to decide if avisualproblemiscognitive; to survey whether babies who dont seem to see wellwill see better in the future;to decide a course oftreatment for such issues in which one eye turns in or isweaker than the other eye. The second part of the researcherswork includes the improvement of a trigger for stereopsis, orbinocular vision, which is the combining of pictures from both eyesinto one picture that has depth.The issue with testingbinocular vision, clarifies Skarf,is that most stimulipresented to small kids have different prompts that can be seenwith one eye alone. We needed to devise improvements that can just beseen by the two eyes together and would create explicit brainwaves to the stimuli.Based on a binocular upgrade designed by an Americanresearcher, Eizenman had built up a boost that produces apattern on a television screen which resembles twisting (a blizzard) when seen with just one eye, however when seen throughspecial glasses with the two eyes transmits an unmistakable three-dimensional pattern.Skarf and Eizenman are presently trying binocular VEPs onyoung kids. They are inspecting youngsters with ordinary sightand assessing eye work in kids with visual clutters. This is the main trial of binocular vision to be conveyed outwith huge numbers. Utilizing this binocular upgrade with the verysensitive finder framework for breaking down responses,we trust tohave a framework which will permit us to test binocular vision inyoung babies, rapidly and effectively, and to quantify reactions in abetter path than before.In expansion to this clinical examination, Skarf now needs todirect his consideration regarding some essential exploration inquiries concerning thedevelopment of vision. We are keen on more than justdeveloping apparatuses. We need to know how binocular vision developsand which variables meddle with advancement. We need to findout what wheels turn in the cerebrum to create languid eyes andimpaired binocular vision. Skarf and Eizenman get financing from the MedicalResearch Council of Canada. CONTACT:Barry Skarf(416)598-6133Moshe Eizenman (416)978-5523

Alphabetical Phrasal Verbs Reference List

In order Phrasal Verbs Reference List Phrasal action words are action words that are comprised of a principle action word and followed by molecule, typically relational words. Most phrasal action words are a few words and can be very trying for English students as they can be exacting or non-literal in significance. At the end of the day, now and then it is straightforward the significance, (for example, get up), yet on account of non-literal implications can be very befuddling, (for example, get). Start learning phrasal action words with a restricted rundown. The rundown beneath gives a decent beginning stage to middle of the road level English students. Instructors can utilize this acquainting phrasal action words exercise plan with assistance understudies become increasingly acquainted with phrasal action words and begin building phrasal action word jargon. At last, there are a wide assortment of phrasal action word assets on the site to assist you with learning new phrasal action words and test your comprehension with tests. This ESL phrasal action word reference direct is planned for English students. The guide contains probably the most significant phrasal action words utilized in regular English. There are many, a lot increasingly phrasal action words, yet I have picked these action words as a decent beginning stage for English students. Each phrasal action word is characterized, has a model sentence for setting, and states whether the definition is distinguishable or indivisible, transitive or intransitive. For more data on the best way to utilize phrasal action words, read the phrasal action word control on this site. Significant phrasal action words in English beginning with the letter A. Incorporates models and whether the phrasal action word is distinct/indistinguishable, transitive/intransitive. S Separable IS Inseparable T Transitive IT - Intransitive represent clarify, be the purpose behind His absence of intrigue represents his horrible scores. IS T follow up on make a move Tom followed up on the data. IS T add to increment the size This seat will add to the furniture we as of now have. S T include bode well Your estimate includes up based the real factors. IS IT concur with have a similar supposition as somebody I concur with Tom about the requirement for better schools. IS T permit something for give time, cash, or other asset for something You have to permit two hours for traffic. S T answer for something be answerable for something The chief responses for the drop in deals last quarter. IS T contend something out talk about all the subtleties to go to an understanding We contended our disparities out and marked an agreement. S T show up at something concur after something We showed up at an agreement a week ago. IS T ask after someone ask how somebody is getting along I asked after Kate a week ago and her mom disclosed to me she was progressing nicely. IS T take care of something deal with something you have to do Dwindle took care of arrangements for the gathering while his significant other prepared the supper. IS T normal something out show up at the normal figure I normal the agreements out and well make a benefit of $250,000. S T

Better than a Ryan Cabrera poster

Better than a Ryan Cabrera poster Want a Warhol in your dorm room? Today is the final exhibition day of the Student Loan Art Collection at MITs List Visual Arts Center. The Student Loan Art Program allows MIT students (and only MIT students) to borrow for the entire academic year one of nearly 350 noted pieces of artwork from MITs collection. Artists represented in the collection include: Alexander Calder Mark Chagall Joan Miro Nam June Paik Andy Warhol Each piece in the collection is framed and signed by a leading contemporary artist. Some are photographs, like the original by the late MIT Professor Harold Doc Edgerton at right. Others are more abstract works, like the Francesco Clemente below left. Unfortunately, the online collection (aside from these two and a few others) is only viewable within the MIT community, but the annual fall showing before it is loaned out to students is open to the general public. Students view the collection and enter their top choices into a lottery. Over 4 years, 70% of students should win at least one year. And the chances increase as time goes on, as we add pieces to the collection each year. Selected students pick up their art beginning on Wednesday. Any winnings not collected by Friday are distributed on a first-come, first-served basis to any student who lost out in the lottery. The LVAC site writes about this plan B, Each year, bleary-eyed students wake up early to be at the head of the line outside the gallery doors for a second chance to participate in this extraordinarily popular program. The artwork is the students to keep until the following May. What a way to decorate your room! Whoever said MIT students dont know fine art?

The Problem Of Health Care - 893 Words

Access to health care is a key element in improving health, therefore, over the past four decades reforming health care seems to have taken center stage. Since stepping out of the shadows, the idea of health care as a managed competition has been evolving. The definition of the managed competition is that of â€Å"a purchasing strategy to obtain maximum value for consumers and employers, using rules for competition derived from microeconomic principles,† (Enthoven, 1993). In a world of health care that now focuses on chronic diseases, the concept of health insurance becomes even more important; by many seen as a human right. With the change of focus from infectious disease to chronic disease health care executives, insurance and economic specialist began looking at a system that has over forty years appeared to be in dire need of reorganization and management. An ideal system would provide an efficient market as well as promote competition among various health plans. These par ticular managed plans would place a value on the cost of care as well as on the quality. With the value of money placed on the health care system restructure would change how patients receive services from providers. In the U.S. health care system an outline of managed competition means that a reformed system allows American’s a preference of variety, individual choice and universal coverage. This assortment of rationale would cause providers delivering care to become more cost and quality conscious.Show MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Health Care937 Words   |  4 PagesHealth care has been a debate for several years. Costa Rica’s is a developing country however, they provide health insurance nationwide to all their citizens and legal residents. This form of insurance is designed to provide monetary security in case there is serious illness or accident. Individuals, who do not have health insurance can be exposed to situations in which they can run into deep debt. Having a health insurance can protect individuals from high costs. I am focusing this essay on theRead MoreThe Problem Of Health Care Essay1816 Words   |  8 Pagesover my own health matters. This privilege illuminated the sickening reality that I was among few Americans with such a liberty. Ever since, the relentless contrivances faced over the progression of health care in America have intrigued me. These obstacles make the present health care system impossible to navigate successfully, leaving many Americans confounded and disadvantaged. Upon this realization I began understanding what a colossal price tag our country places on the right of health. DespiteRead MoreThe Problem Of Health Care Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesHealth care in our country is currently undergoing radical change. Reform is steering progress towards a more patient-centered approach. As a result, there is an intense focus in health care on meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs). While the health care arena looks to the future by aiming for automation, there is a chance that our elderly population, the largest users of medical products and services, may be left behind. Some experts believe that there is a â€Å"digital divide† occurringRead MoreThe Health Care Issue And Health Problem1632 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the health care issue or health problem(s) being addressed? Describe it in lay terms and tell the legislator why it is a problem needing legislative attention. The health care issue or health issues that raise a concern is that many people are suffering from alcoholism and are in need of immediate care but cannot afford the proper care. I firmly believe that free outpatient counseling can help those individuals diagnosed with alcoholism be able to steer in a sober direction. Alcohol useRead MoreHealth Problem Of Public Health Care902 Words   |  4 PagesHealth problems in the developing countries like India take on enormous proportions because of lack health education and preventive medicine. Growing up in India surrounded by poor sanitation, lack of hygiene and clean drinking water and scarcity of primary health services, I began to realize the necessity of public health care. Furthermore it saddens to think that in South Asia there is much superstition and age old practices that resist the spread of modern medicine. It perplexes me that even asRead MoreProblems With Health Care Providers1708 Words   |  7 PagesDifficulties with hav ing Many Health Care Providers More often than not, an increase in health care providers is seen as one reaches old age. From dementia to diabetes, the elderly are treated for a multitude of health implications. It is often forgotten that individuals with multiple severe health conditions also must see many doctors on a yearly basis. Overtreatment is one example of a negative associated with having too many doctors. With overtreatment among these two groups becoming fairlyRead MoreManagement Problems in Health Care1205 Words   |  5 PagesManagement problems in Healthcare There are many management problems in Health care. There are management problems in every organization, but health care sometimes have the biggest management problems of them all, because they are dealing with people lives. One of the problems a health care facility can come across is finance. If the patients have no way paying for their treatments than the facility would have to close their doors because they would have no way of paying their employees toRead MoreStaffing Problems Of Health Care2501 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction I am writing you to propose to you my research plan concerning the topic of staffing problems in health care. I believe this is an ongoing issue that needs addressed in order for possible solutions to come about and eventually be put into action. Body I chose to focus on this problem as this is one of the main issues I am experiencing in my life as a nurse. Not only am I going though this, but other nurses and healthcare workers are experiencing the same issue as well. There are someRead MoreHealth Care Of Keny A Public Health Problem Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesHealth care in Kenya Tropical diseases, especially malaria and tuberculosis, have long been a public health problem in Kenya. In recent years, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), also has become a severe problem. Estimates of the incidence of infection differ widely. General information of Health in Kenya: Kenya spent 5.1% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on healthcare in 2002. This was well below the high-income OECDRead MoreThe Problem Of Home Health Care1176 Words   |  5 PagesHome health care is type of care where patients are treated in their home for an injury or sickness. According to Medicare.gov, this care is usually cheap, more expedient than and as effective as any care in a hospital and a highly priced nursing home. Home health care business has flourished during these decades and has become a pretty good investment for those entrepreneurs who are looking for lower investment and high return. Some well-known businesses such as fast-food franchise, gas station

The Importance of the Role Played by the Educated Elite in...

africa came under the direct jurisdiction of Europe after the initial carving out of the continent referred to as the Scramble for Africa. This partition was fulfilled at the Conference of Berlin 1884-85 resulting in the political mapping of the continent. Thus, Africa facilitated the extension of the European hegemonic powers overseas. This colonization rendered the African continent the play-toy of wealthy European imperialists who raked the profits from the resource-rich territories. The period between 1880 and 1919 saw an upsurge of African resistance to colonial rule this was the period of African nationalism. The Africans were now exasperated with their economic and social situation. Thus discontent and protest was bound to†¦show more content†¦However the Atlantic Charter was not intended for colonial Africans .Nevertheless, the Chinese revolution, the Malaysian peasant rebellion, and the independence of India provided Africans with important examples of anti colonia l and liberation movements. Planned decolonization hinged on the assumption that European colonial powers would determine the pace of change in Africa; it took no account of the actions of Africans. Instead, the Africans determined the pace of decolonization in Africa. By 1948, waves of strikes by dockworkers, railway workers, and miners swept through Africa. Protests by veterans and soldiers, who had served the mother country faithfully during the war, shocked colonial administrations Constitution. Mass political parties were slower to emerge in East and Central Africa. By this time it was obvious that all the countries of Africa had become fed up with the system of colonialism. As we stated before Pan Africanism played a critical role in decolonisation, and it was out of this movement that many of the leaders of nationalist interest group learned to organise. In the pan Africanist movements their strategy was gradual change through their meetings and suggestions. They wanted to start a movement to secure civil and political rights for Africans, these early meetings led by Dubois and others did not bring about theShow MoreRelated The importance of the role played by the educated elite in the process of decolonisation in africa2242 Words   |  9 Pages africa came under the direct jurisdiction of Europe after the initial carving out of the continent referred to as the Scramble for Africa. This partition was fulfilled at the Conference of Berlin 1884-85 resulting in the political mapping of the continent. Thus, Africa facilitated the extension o f the European hegemonic powers overseas. This colonization rendered the African continent the play-toy of wealthy European imperialists who raked the profits from the resource-rich territories. The periodRead MoreChina in Africa Essay20116 Words   |  81 Pagesnews from the Nordic Africa Institute from the Nordic Africa Institute numBer 3 novemBer 2007 from the contents china and Africa Fantu Cheru theme: AfricAn Agriculture Agriculture and the World Bank Atakilte Beyene Property rights Kjell Havnevik Tor A. Benjaminsen Espen Sjaastad inequality and climate change contents to our reAders AfricAn Agriculture 1 3 november 2007 Carin Norberg African agriculture and the World Bank: development or impoverishment? Atakilte

Communication and Child Free Essays

Maria Pearce EYMP5-1. 1, EYMP5-1. 2, EYMP5-1. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication and Child or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3, EYMP5-2. 1, EYMP5-2. 2, EYMP5-2. 3 EYMP5-1. 1 Explain each of the terms: * speech * language * communication * Speech, language and communication needs. English dictionary meanings. * Speech – something that is spoken; an utterance, remark, or declaration: * Language – communication by voice in the distinctively human manner, using arbitrary sounds in conventional ways with conventional meanings; speech. * Communication – the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs. Speech, Language and Communication begins from birth simply engaging in eye contact and smiling is communication. Speech is started with noise and sounds. Language starts by a child listening so even from very young ages children learn and communicate with us. EYMP5-1. 2 Explain how speech, language and communication skills support each of the following areas in children’s development: EYMP5-1. 3 Describe the potential impact of speech, language and communication difficulties on the overall development of a child, both currently and in the longer term. Speech, language and communication needs in children vary with each individual child. As practitioners we must constantly asses and contribute in all aspects of communication, speech and language. We must listen to the child and try to understand the things the child is trying to communicate to us. Helping children improve things like language can be fairly simple. By having patience we repeat the words often and praise the attempts and successes a child has. Asking the child to point something out or encourage saying words or sounds. By taking our hand and leading us to something the child needs or wants is a good way of helping communication and means we can say the thing they need encouragement is essential we do not want the child to feel silly or ashamed if they struggle with the correct word. Splitting some words into parts more easily said is a great way for children to make sounds into words. In my setting we had a child who said â€Å"basanya† for lasagne and although cute if encouraged to split the word â€Å"la† san† ya† in no time the child used the proper word. Another child would say pusion for cushion. We also found with younger children by using flash cards and books blocks or anything played with to say colours, numbers, and shapes or when out walking pointing out things around us and encouraging the child to repeat was a productive way to help with speech. However speech wasn’t always possible one of the children we had was deaf. He made loud sounds but couldn’t hear us speak the words. By using sign language we managed to communicate though we had little experience in that area and the child was very young so did not have a huge amount of sign himself. We would mine a lot of things like â€Å"drink† â€Å"food† â€Å"hello† many of the children caught on quickly and also mimed signs to him. It was a fantastic way to allow communication as each child interacted only with us but with all of the children. Enabling better communication between the children and taught them that it was normal to accept a child with a â€Å"disability†. By encouraging not only speech but other methods of communication we helped them socially to interact with each other in different ways, a simple wave hello allowed the child with hearing difficulties to feel part of the group and welcome. Emotional by showing praise and enjoyment. Behaviour teaching children how to act in many settings. As practioners we spend time with children getting to know them and communicate with them we can pick up on things we may be able to help with or advise parents of. Many parents work very long hours and have little time to converse with children. By chatting with children and speaking in a correct manner we help language skills every day. We do not use baby language we repeat words and encourage talking not only to ourselves but to each other. One child we had in our setting was very happy to chat with grownups and older children, however she refused to play with or listen to the younger ones. Even when being spoken to directly. The child would completely ignore the younger children. We spoke with her and helped her understand we must not ignore anyone when we are spoke to or communicated with. We encouraged her to converse with younger children we gave her responsibility helping them in small ways. This resulted in child playing and interacting with younger ones. This was fantastic for their social skills and behaviour. It taught the child who seemed to dislike younger children that ignoring anyone in life is not an option. We also seen her enjoy the responsibility and praise she was very proud of herself. If we feel that a child maybe finding speech or language more difficult than usual we would speak to parents and encourage them to try certain games and fun tasks in everyday life at home. We would communicate regularly with parents to see if things improve. Teaching parents little things that they maybe don’t do at home or haven’t tried at home can be great at rectifying any difficulties. Working with them to improve things we may have picked up on but parents haven’t wanted to see can sometime make the world of difference. If these things don’t help we can suggest referral to speech and language specialists or hearing specialist. We must work with other settings as well as parents to compare thoughts, information and experience. One of the best things we would attend was a library story time. It was fantastic it encouraged children to sit quietly and listen to stories. Then they would have a sing along to rhymes and songs with actions. Which encouraged language skills? If a child was new to this it took a few weeks to get involved but we always had parents asking where the child had learned a song they were singing at home. We would have sing along in the setting and encourage the words and actions so children knew some of the songs and gave them confidence to join in. If a child is having difficulties making themselves understood by language, speech or actions it can affect confidence and emotions. We want each child to be happy confident and understood. Eye to eye contact is a simple way to let the child know that you are listening or that you are taking the time to understand what they need from you. They learn that in our setting what they have to say is as important as any adult or other child. Each and every child is important and should feel that way. By communicating with carers we can have a much better and more positive effect on children’s development and learning. Knowing that a good relationship is essential and helps us as practitioners to see what areas we can help in and work on with children or what things carers ould continue and manage at home. This leads to a more productive learning journey for the child. A good relationship can also mean we are all comfortable communicating worries or problems. There are several development charts we can use for reference and information giving us a guide to where a child should be at certain ages. We use these to give us an idea of development if we fell a child is behind of ahead we can look at the information which helps us decide if a child may need some extra support. However we must only use these as a guide. We all know children develop as individuals and at varying rates. These charts can help us if we feel a little unsure and also if we need to have information to give parents. Also taken into account must be periods of settling in, or transition in home life. These can affect a child making them quiet or withdrawn and shy. We must make any decision to advise extra support once we get to know the child and observe activities we plan. EYMP5-3. 1 Demonstrate methods of providing support taking into account the: * age * specific needs * abilities * home language where this is different to that of setting * interests Of the children in own setting. By providing age related toys, activities and language we support individual children with specific support. The ability of a child also determines how we plan any activities. We must make the activity inclusive of all children. Being a small setting we find planning an activity to suit all children fairly easy and can adjust as we interact. For example a painting activity is explained and â€Å"signed† or mimed at same time so that every child is included and not taken to the side as though something is different or treat as an oddity. Some activities are avoided if we feel any child will be singled out. However we praise and encourage all children making them feel included and important. We ask parents what their child or children enjoy at home. If possible we try to bring a little of this into the setting to make children feel at home with us. It also gets children chatting and showing what they like. For instance one child adored snakes of all things. So we allowed him to bring along one of his pets as a sort of show and tell. Most of the children had never held a snake. We got him telling us all about snakes and what they eat. It gave this child so much confidence feeling he could teach us all something new. As we are a small setting and speak English it isn’t possible to teach and speak another language however we are happy to encourage a child with a different language to â€Å"help† teach us all words in their native language and do planned activities for other countries celebrations and festivals. Chinese new year Eid-ul-Fitr are just two of the festivals we incorporate into planning and learning. How to cite Communication and Child, Papers Communication and Child Free Essays string(101) " PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS MAY USE AND/OR INTERPRET COMMUNICATION METHODS IN DIFFERENT WAYS\." Introduction: The aim of this report is to identify the reasons why people communicate and the ways in which this can affect relationships. I will identify what we need to remember when we are trying to promote communication with others and the barriers that we may come across when doing this. I will endeavour to explain the extra support available for individual’s who may have problems communicating and how coming from different backgrounds/cultures can affect how an individual communicates. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication and Child or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will also describe the ways in which we must treat confidential disclosures and how confidential information should be treated. 1. 1 IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT REASONS PEOPLE COMMUNICATE People communicate to: Build relationships When a new child/parent enters our setting the first thing that will happen is some form of communication such as a smile or greeting the child/parent with hello. This is the foundation on which a child’s trust is based. If a child sees a good relationship between us and their parents this will make the transition period smoother. Share thoughts and ideas When children share thoughts and ideas they are being given the chance to express themselves freely. Children will have ideas and thoughts that they need to share by doing this they are able to grow in confidence and self-esteem, we should always listen to a child’s ideas even if they are incorrect as this will encourage a child to share further ideas and thoughts. feedback and reflection encourages mental stim Gain and share information track development, diagnose problems early Express needs and feelings Gain reassurance and acknowledgement 1. EXPLAIN HOW COMMUNICATION AFFECTS RELATIONSHIPS IN THE WORK SETTING Communication affects relationships in the work setting in the following ways: – Sharing and Gaining Information By sharing and gaining information from parents/colleagues such as how the child is feeling, their likes and dislikes, what play interests the child has, we are much better equipped to bring the best out of the child. Effectiv e communication is extremely important if the child has a medical condition or perhaps is attending a speech therapist. Knowing these things can help us with the child’s development. Settling In It is important that we communicate well when a child is settling into a new environment as the child may feel anxious or nervous about the new setting as this may be the first time the child has left the parents. Good communication helps in building relationships, making it easier for the child to feel happy and secure in a new environment. Communicating and building a relationship with the parents allows them to trust and feel happy with us as practitioners enabling them to confidently leave the child in our care. – Supporting children’s Play and Learning If we have good communication with a child they are able to benefit more from play and learning activities. It enables them to take part and understand activities. It also encourages better speech and vocabulary and gives them the confidence to express their thoughts and ideas, making them feel more relaxed and comfortable within the setting. – Transitions It is important to have good communication in periods of transition such as moving schools or childminders, as this makes it easier for the child to adjust and feel happy and comfortable in the new setting. For example having good communication and building relationships with each other allows information to be passed on effectively and efficiently making the transition easier for the child, parents and practitioner. 2. 2 DESCRIBE THE FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN PROMOTING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION The factors to consider when promoting effective communication are: – Environment It is important that we think about the environment we are in when communicating with others. When we are communicating with adults or young children we may need to find somewhere quiet, a busy or noisy environment may be distracting, preventing information being passed / received accurately. A young child will be able to understand instructions, learn better and feel relaxed if the environment is quieter and calmer. With toddlers and younger children we may need to find an area which is familiar to their home setting, e. g. if the child likes playing with play dough we could arrange to sit with the child at this table. – Proximity, Orientation and Posture We should always consider distance when we are communicating with others. If we have a strong relationship with a child they will allow us to get closer as the child knows and trusts us and should not find this behaviour intimidating. We should also consider cultural differences when communicating with others as some sayings/gestures in our culture may differ to that of a person from a different culture. Our body’s position is also important as if we stand in front of someone they may find this overpowering. But if we were to stand beside them and turn our body towards them this sends out a warm and friendly signal. Having good posture when communicating with others is also important as this gives out a clear message that you are listening and interested in what they are saying. – Listening Skills When we are communicating we should always show that we are ‘Actively Listening’. To Actively Listen we must think about what is being said and be aware of the body language. We should always give our full attention to the person speaking and listen to the tone of what they are saying. This is important when communicating with children as it promotes children’s speech and helps when dealing with difficult situations. Time When we are communicating we need to give the person we are communicating with time to think about what we are saying. This is very important with young children so they understand what we are saying, or understand the instruction that has been given. Parents may also need time to understand or digest the information that has been past onto them. 3. 1 EXPLAI N HOW PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS MAY USE AND/OR INTERPRET COMMUNICATION METHODS IN DIFFERENT WAYS. You read "Communication and Child" in category "Papers" People from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication methods in the following ways: – Family Background Family background is important in communication as all families have different styles of communication. For example some children may come from a family that has more than one language, while other children may come from a family that is outgoing and noisy. Others may come from a family that is shy in nature. All of these will affect the way in which the child later communicates as an adult. – Personality Personalities can affect the way in which a child/adult communicates. With young children we can often see if their personality is outgoing even before their speech / language has developed. For example a child of a shyer nature will have a quieter personality, they may seem unenthusiastic in group discussions or with people they don’t know as they find this uncomfortable. – Confidence and Self-esteem Confidence and self-esteem plays an important part in the way people communicate. For example a child who has been mocked when they have been reading in class may find public speaking as an adult difficult. Whereas a child who was praised for their reading is more likely to grow into an adult with more confidence in this area. – Literacy Literacy skills are acquired throughout life. Some people will have a higher level of literacy skills than others. For example some people may have learning difficulties or may have had to immigrate and have had to learn a completely new language. – ICT Knowledge Most people will have acquired some form of ICT Knowledge whether it be using internet, internet phones, emails, accessing photos, phone conversations, but we will not all have the same level of ICT knowledge. For example a person may not be able to read emails or follow written instructions well, so they are not as comfortable in this area as others. 3. 2 IDENTIFY BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION Some of the barriers we may face to effectively communicate are: Information – Sender may have language difficulties and find it hard to express themselves in oral or written forms. Encoding – Sender may have difficulty in choosing appropriate words/language or use an inappropriate style or tone. Transfer – Emails may not be received. Reception – Visual impairment may prevent a recipient from picking up facial expressions, gestures or anything that has been written down. Decoding – Recipient’s relationship with the sender will influence the way that messages are decoded e. message from someone who is liked may be received differently than from a stranger. Feedback – Sender may not see feedback and realise that there are any difficulties with the way that they have communicated. Response – Sender may respond negatively as meaning of communication is not clear or style of communication is inappropriate. 3. 5 EXPLAIN HOW TO ACCESS EXTRA SUPPORT OR SERVICES TO ENABLE INDIVIDUALS TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY The ways in which we can access extra support or services to communicate effectively are: Transition and Interpreting Services We may need to use a Translator from time to time if a person cannot read/understand our language. For example this is useful if a parent wants to show us a letter that has been written in a different language. An Interpreter may also be used if someone has hearing or speech impairment this assists communication to be made with them. – Speech and Language Services Children’s speech develops at different times and stages, every child is different. For example some young children may need the service of a Speech Therapist. We may need to seek support of these services to help us communicate effectively with the child by using visual aids such as pictures. This helps us to meet the child’s individual needs. – Advocacy Children or young people who are in care may have had an advocate service such as Social Services. These services are used so the child can express their personal views, opinions and how they are feeling. It also ensures the best interests of the child are met and that their rights under the United Nations Convention are met. We have a duty to ensure this for each and every child. 4. 1 EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF THE TERM CONFIDENTIALITY The term Confidentiality means that we must not share or disclose personal information gained through work that we would not publicly know with others. As practitioner’s we will receive confidential information on a daily basis, information we receive should be treated confidential unless there is a duty to pass the information on eg, in cases of child abuse or danger to a child’s welfare. Confidential information that we may receive is personal details on a child’s live such as address, phone number, date of birth ; health and development issues. Individual’s have the right to keep this type of information private. P Tassoni et al (2010:15) states, â€Å"Confidentiality is about respecting other people’s rights to privacy and keeping safe the information that they have provided. † A parent may pass on something they want kept confidential to protect their child from embarrassment. For example, a parent may disclose that their child has suddenly started wetting his/her pants and may ask you to keep an eye on the child and discretely change pants if necessary. This type of information should only be shared with others on a need to know basis. Breach of policies surrounding confidentiality are usually disciplinary offences which are treated seriously. . 2DESCRIBE WAYS TO MAINTAIN CONFIDENTIALITY IN DAY TO DAY COMMUNICATION A setting should have an office where parents can speak to members of staff about confidential matters. This information will be passed to staff on a need to know basis. Staff are told to think about what they are saying in front of â€Å"young ears† and oth er parents. Gossip should be avoided. All written paperwork/computer records kept on the children within the setting should be in an office area and kept under lock and key/passworded and the setting will have policies on who has access to this information. Should a child make a serious disclosure to a member of staff, about possible abuse/neglect, all staff will be fully trained in the settings Child Protection procedures and staff will know the reporting procedure in these circumstances. As part of their training, staff will know that any breach of confidentiality within the setting could result in a disciplinary action being taken against them and in serious cases may even result in dismissal. 4. 3DESCRIBE THE POTENTIAL TENSION BETWEEN MAINTAINING AN INDIVIDUAL’S CONFIDENTIALITY AND DISCLOSING CONCERNS There will be occasions that we need to disclose confidential information such as if we feel a child’s welfare is at risk or if we think abuse is suspected or a crime has been committed. We are obliged to pass our concerns quickly, discretely and directly to our manager or an appropriate agency such as Social Services. By doing this we can still retain confidentiality within a setting as other members of staff or parents will not know the issues that have been raised. This also ensures that the rights of the child are met under the UNCRC (online www. unicef. org. k) Article 19 states â€Å"Children’s rights to be protected from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation including sexual abuse by those looking after them. † All settings must be on the Data Protection Register and be registered with the Data Protection Commission. If confidentiality has been breached this can have serious consequences and can lead to dismissal, most settings will have their own polices and procedures. Conclusion: As we can see from the above, communication is a vital part of everyday life. Good communication skills assist us in nearly every situation we can find ourselves in. When communication is well managed, conflict can be avoided and respect and well-being of all parties improved. It is vital that we understand how to treat confidential information, when such information should be kept confidential and when and how it should be reported if we feel it necessary to safeguard and protect children. Bibliography: Tassoni P et al (2010), CHILDREN ; YOUNG PEOPLE’S WORKFORCE, Heineman, London, UK. UNCRC (Online), UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, www. unicef. org. uk How to cite Communication and Child, Papers

Candide satire free essay sample

Candide In one of his most famous works, Candide, Voltaire leaves no stone unturned in terms of what he satirizes. Though a great many topics are touched upon, Voltaire ultimately uses Candide to satirize the philosophy of optimism offered by the German philosopher, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. By examining Voltaires satire of armies, we can see that he uses the pointless atrocities and violence in Candide as a basis to discredit the German philosophy of optimism. The first instance in which Voltaire utilizes armies to discredit the philosophy of ptimism occurs shortly after Candide is banished from Westphalia. After simply toasting to the good health of the Bulgarian king, soldiers handcuff him and take him to their regiment. Here he is trained as a soldier and beaten, they gave him thirty blows with a cudgel. The next day he did his exercise a little less badly, and he received but twenty blows. We will write a custom essay sample on Candide satire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The day following they gave him only ten, and he was regarded by his comrades as a prodigy (Ch. 2). Candide has been taken against his will to Join an army, and even with his full compliance he is beaten. Here Voltaire is atirizing the violence that takes place within armies. He is illustrating how much needless violence there is that is evident in warring armies. Voltaire continues to use needless violence throughout the story to illustrate his argument against optimism. Another way Voltaire uses armies to invalidate the philosophy of optimism in Ch. 2 when Candide goes for a walk. With his short walk in the woods marked as desertion, Candide is court-martialed and offered the choice of being flogged thirty-six times by his whole regiment or having twelve musket balls shot into his brain. Being a student of Pangloss, and thus subscribing to an optimistic outlook, Candide uses the divine gift called free-will to choose the floggings. In this case we see that Voltaire is both satirizing the foolishness of the army for punishing someone for taking a walk as well as including a hint of satire with Candides notion of his divine gift. There is a sense of optimism in Candides ability to choose his undeserved consequence. Voltaire uses this exaggerated punishment of four thousand floggings to once again satirize the harshness of armies. Voltaire offers yet another example of the cruelty of armies when Candide arrives in England. Candide witnesses an admiral shot in the head by three soldiers near a crowd of people and decides to inquire about the atrocity. The response to Candides inquiry was that the admiral had failed to kill a sufficient amount of people, specifically the French admiral. Voltaire is satirizing the armys decision making and pointing out their absurd methods. In the same scene Candide attempts to reason with his new acquaintance and is told that in this country it is found good, from time o time, to kill one Admiral to encourage the others. This ludicrous explanation is not logical in any way and is a further satirization of the armys reasoning. Voltaire uses Candides ventures in, and around the army to expose the direct contradiction to Pangloss teachings which really reflect Leibnizs philosophy of optimism. As a student of Pangloss, Candide is always looking at the bright side and is truly optimi stic. When the soldiers first found Candide they offered to pay for his the right thing for them to do saying, miou are right, this is what I was always taught y Mr. Pangloss, and I see plainly that all is for the best. Candides optimism blinds him to the fact that he is being deceived and Voltaire uses this scene to show that optimism is not a sound ideology to hold. Voltaires satirization of armies helps to shed light on his critiques of the German philosophy of optimism as proposed by Leibniz. Voltaire seriously criticizes the philosophy of optimism, but is he right? In the words of Pococurante, Fools admire everything in an author of reputation. So is Voltaire right or are we simply fools?